Colombian climatology in CMIP5/CMIP6 models: Persistent biases and improvements

Northern South America is among the regions with highest vulnerability to climate change. General Circulation Models (GCMs) are different tools considered analyze impacts of In particular, GCMs have been proved provide useful information, although they exhibit systematic biases and fail in reproducing regional climate, particularly terrains complex topography. This work evaluates performance included fifth sixth phases Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), representing annual cycle precipitation air surface temperature Colombia. To evaluate this, we consider observational reanalysis datasets, including situ gauges from Colombian Meteorological Institute. Our results indicate that most recent generation (CMIP6) show improvements respect previous (CMIP5), still Intertropical Convergence Zone elevation-dependent processes, which highly determine intra-annual addition, CMIP6 models larger over Andes than CMIP5. We also projections by end 21st century according CMIP5/CMIP6 simulations under greenhouse gases emission scenarios. toward warmer temperatures mixed changes precipitation, decreases Orinoco Amazon September-November increases eastern equatorial Pacific during entire year.